A new species of Sarcophaga (Pandelleisca) (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) from Turkey

ZooKeys 937: 129-| 38 (2020) A peer-revi iewed open-access journal I

doi: 10.3897/zookeys.937.50759 RESEARCH ARTICLE $@7Z,00Ke y

https:/ / ZOO keys. pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research

A new species of Sarcophaga (Pandelleisca)
(Diptera, Sarcophagidae) from Turkey

Gamze Pekbey'

| Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat-Turkey

Corresponding author: Gamze Pekbey (gamze.pekbey@bozok.edu.tr)

Academic editor: M. De Meyer | Received 4 February 2020 | Accepted 22 April 2020 | Published 1 June 2020
http://zoobank. org/15E5DA22-6F8 B-4634-8 D4F-6BB1D6CE2571

Citation: Pekbey G (2020) A new species of Sarcophaga (Pandelleisca) (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) from Turkey. ZooKeys
937: 129-138. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.937.50759

Abstract

A new species, Sarcophaga (Pandelleisca) mersinensis sp. nov. is described from the Mediterranean region
of Turkey. The male terminalia are documented with line drawings, photographs and scanning electron
microscope images. The species is compared with the two most similar species, Sarcophaga (Pandelleisca)
baudeti (Lehrer) and Sarcophaga (Pandelleisca) theodori (Lehrer), both known from Israel. A key is pro-
vided to the western Palaearctic species of Pandelleisca Rohdendort.

Keywords
Anatolia, flesh fly, identification, Mediterranean region, Mersin, Middle East

Introduction

The subgenus Pandelleisca Rohdendorf, 1937 (of Sarcophaga Meigen, 1826) contains
24 species of flesh flies, mainly distributed in the Oriental region (Verves 1986; Sugiy-
ama et al. 1990; Pape 1996; Lehrer 1998, 2008; Kurahashi and Leh 2007; Piwczynski
et al. 2014). Most species are Oriental or eastern Palaearctic, and only three species
have so far been recorded from the western Palaearctic: S. (P) baudeti (Lehrer, 1998)
and S. (P) theodori (Lehrer, 1998), both known only from Israel, and S. (2) similis
Meade, 1876, which is widely distributed in both the Palaearctic and the Oriental re-
gions (Pape 1996; Lehrer 1998). Sarcophaga (P) similis is the only representative of the
subgenus recorded in Turkey so far (Kara and Pape 2002; Verves et al. 2018).

Copyright Gamze Pekbey. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

130 Gamze Pekbey / ZooKeys 937: 129-138 (2020)

The assignment of Pandelleisca at either the generic or subgeneric level differs
among authors. The nominal taxon was erected by Rohdendorf (1937) as a subgenus
in his broad concept of the genus Parasarcophaga Johnston & Tiegs, 1921, with the
designation of S. similis as type species. Subsequently, Pape (1996) employed a broad
generic concept and placed Pandelleisca within the genus Sarcophaga.

The general morphological outline of the phallus within species of Pandelleisca
appears remarkably similar to what is found in the subgenus Liosarcophaga; however,
Pandelleisca has been separated from Liosarcophaga essentially due to having a mas-
sive, long and well-sclerotized paraphallus with a broader and larger median process
of juxta, one or two pairs of curved lateral juxtal arms, two-paired and spiky vesical
lobes, thin and long styli, and absence of the marginal bristles on the genital tergite
(Rohdendorf 1937; Tumrasvin and Kano 1979; Povolny 1987; Povolny and Verves
1997; Peris et al. 1999).

This paper describes a new species of Sarcophaga (Pandelleisca) from the Mediterra-
nean region of Turkey, providing photographs, scanning electron microscope (SEM) im-
ages, and line drawings of the male terminalia, and a key to the western Palaearctic species.

Materials and methods

The material was collected during the years 2013-2017 in Mezitli and Erdemli districts
of Mersin Province of Turkey using insect sweep nets. The specimens were killed in
ethyl acetate vapour, pinned shortly afterwards when they were still fresh and air-dried.

Males were relaxed in a humidifier, and the terminalia of each specimen were de-
tached from the abdomen using forceps and fine insect pins. The dissected terminalia of
the holotype were subjected to 10% KOH for 12 hours, rinsed with distilled water and
placed into glycerine for further examinations under a Leica S8APO stereomicroscope.

The air-dried genitalia of the paratype were prepared for SEM by fixing on an
aluminium stub with carbon double-stick tape. The gold-coated specimens were exam-
ined and imaged in a FEI Quanta 450 FEG scanning electron microscope at BILTEM
(Science and Technology Application and Research Centre of Yozgat Bozok Univer-
sity) using high vacuum.

Light microscope photographs were taken with a Leica DFC 450 camera inte-
grated on a Leica M125 stereomicroscope and stacked in Helicon Focus Pro (version
7.6.1). Line drawings of terminal structures were produced with CorelDraw Graphics
Suite 2019.

The terminalia of the holotype of the new species are stored in a micro-vial with
glycerine and the dissected parts of the terminalia of the paratype were glued to a piece
of card and both are pinned together beneath the source specimens. All the samples
are deposited in the Entomology Collection of the Department of Plant Protection,
Faculty of Agriculture, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey.

For identification, the following works were consulted: Béttcher (1912), Senior-

White (1924), Rohdendorf (1937), Tumrasvin and Kano (1979), Nandi (1982), Sugi-

A new species of S. (Pandelleisca) from Turkey | Boa

yama et al. (1988, 1990), Kurahashi and Leh (2007), Lehrer (1998, 2008), Kurahashi
and Chaiwong (2013). The nomenclature and classification follow Pape (1996). The
terminology of external morphology and terminalia follow Richet et al. (2011) except
for vesical lobes where the terms “superior vesical lobes” and “inferior vesical lobes” are
used as adopted by Lehrer (1998) to provide a detailed description of these structures.
The comparisons of S. (P) baudeti (Lehrer, 1998) and S. (2) theodori (Lehrer, 1998)
with the other western Palaearctic species were based on the original descriptions of
Lehrer (1998).

Data from labels of the type specimens are quoted verbatim: commas are used to
separate the lines on the same label, labels are separated by a double forward slash, and
any remarks are given in square brackets.

Results

Sarcophaga (Pandelleisca) mersinensis sp. nov.
http://zoobank.org/3 1 EF981D-0E7D-459D-98F7-F4D6815DABC3
Figures 1-3

Type material. Holotype: 3, TR// Mersin province [southern Turkey], Mezitli dis-
trict, 1.2 km NE Kuzucu village, 608 m, 36°50'32"N, 34°25'24"E, 07.VI.2017, Leg.
G. Bakir [printed on white paper] // Holotype ¢ Sarcophaga (Pandelleisca) mersinensis,
Det. Pekbey, 2020 [printed on red paper]. Paratype: 3, TR// Mersin province [south-
ern Turkey], Erdemli district, Késbucagi village, 542 m, 36°40'58"N, 34°14'37"E,
11.VII.2013, Leg. C. Metin [printed on white paper]. Sarcophaga (Pandelleisca) mers-
inensis, Det. Pekbey, 2020 [printed on red paper].

Differential diagnosis. Sarcophaga (Pandelleisca) mersinensis sp. nov. is similar to
the East Mediterranean species S. (P) theodori (Lehrer, 1998) and S. (P) baudeti (Lehrer,
1998). It is distinguished from S. (2) baudeti by having a brown epandrium (Fig. 1E),
and it differs from S. (2) theodori by the following features of the male terminalia: in S.
(P) mersinensis the harpes are subtriangular in lateral view, poorly sclerotized and very
small (Figs 1E, G, I; 3A, B) that they can be easily overlooked due to shrinkage and
overlapping by the long and broad ventral projections of the phallus in dry genitalia
(Fig. 2A, B). In macerated specimens, the harpes lie anteroventrally from the base of
the lateral styli but never reach beyond these (Fig. 1E, G, I). The superior vesical lobe
extends to a long and pointed end. ‘The lateral styli are flattened and serrated along
the entire ventral margin. Surstyli are narrow and rounded distally (Figs 1F—I; 2A—D;
3A, B). Cercal prongs are blackish (Fig.1C, D). Postgonites show a pair of bristles just
distal to the middle on ventral surface (Figs 1E, 2A).

Description. Male. Body length 10.7—11.2 mm (without terminal extension).

Head. Black with golden microtomentum and the eye 0.38 times as wide as head
in dorsal view. Inner vertical seta long and strong, outer vertical and proclinate orbital
seta indistinct. Reclinate orbital seta well developed. Eye bare. Postocular seta black,

132 Gamze Pekbey / ZooKeys 937: 129-138 (2020)

Imm

Figure |. Sarcophaga (Pandelleisca) mersinensis sp. nov., male holotype A head, left lateral view B wing,
ventral view C cerci and surstyli, dorsal view D cerci and surstyli, right lateral view E terminalia, right lateral
view in glycerine F distiphallus, right lateral view in glycerine G distiphallus, right lateroventral view H dis-
tiphallus, dorsal view flipped vertically I distiphallus, right laterodorsal view flipped vertically. Abbreviations:
c, cerci; ep, epandrium; h, harpes; iv, inferior vesical lobe; ja, lateral juxtal arms; jm, medial part of juxta;

m; membrane; po, postgonite; pp, paraphallus; pr, pregonite; s, styli; su, surstyli; sv, superior vesical lobe.

arranged in two rows on each side of occiput. Frons apically protruding and at its nar-
rowest point 0.68 times as wide as an eye in dorsal view. Frontal vitta black, slightly
widening to antennal insertion, 0.48 times as wide as frons. Frontal bristles 11 or12

A new species of S. (Pandelleisca) from Turkey 133

500 pm

200 pm

Figure 2. SEM microphotography of Sarcophaga (Pandelleisca) mersinensis sp. nov. terminalia, male para-
type A habitus of phallus and gonites, right lateral view B distiphallus, right lateral view flipped horizon-
tally C distiphallus frontolateral view D apical part of distiphallus. Abbreviations: h, harpes; iv, inferior
vesical lobe; ja, lateral juxtal arms; jm, medial part of juxta; m; membrane; po, postgonite; pp, paraphallus;

pr, pregonite; s, styli; sv, superior vesical lobe.

pairs, not descending below of the midline of pedicel. Parafacial plate black with gold-
en microtomentum, with a row of fine and black setulae in lower half near eye margin.
Parafacial at its narrowest point 0.42 times as wide as an eye at maximum eye width
in lateral view. Gena black with golden-silvery microtomentum, anterior half covered
with black seta, post genal seta pale. Gena in profile 0.36 times as high as the height
of an eye. Genal dilation distinct, brownish black. Vibrissa well developed. Facial ridge
with a few decumbent setulae above vibrissa. Antenna brownish black, pedicel with
a reddish-brown tinge on the distal part. Postpedicel 2.76 times longer than pedicel.
Arista light brown, 2/3 plumose, slightly thickened on basal part. Prementum and
palpus dark brown, 2.2 times longer than wide (Fig. 1A).

Thorax. Black with silver microtomentum with three black longitudinal stripes.
Anterior stigma brown, posterior one bright yellow. Propleuron bare. Prosternum and
postalar wall setulose. Acrostichals 0+1, dorsocentrals 4+4, presutural and first two
postsuturals short and reduced, intra-alars 1+2, presutural 1, supra-alars 3-4, humer-

134 Gamze Pekbey / ZooKeys 937: 129-138 (2020)

Gc D
tA vo
rs
\ | /
/
| \ _
* ene” a)

Figure 3. Sarcophaga (Pandelleisca) mersinensis sp. nov., male, holotype A distiphallus, right lateral view
in macerated terminalia B distiphallus, ventral view in macerated terminalia C ST5, frontal view D cerci
and surstyli, right lateral view. Abbreviations: h, harpes; iv, inferior vesical lobe; ja, lateral juxtal arms;

jm, medial part of juxta; m; membrane; pp, paraphallus; s, styli; ST5, sternite 5; sv, superior vesical lobe.

als 3, posthumerals 2, notopleurals 4 (2 primary + 2 subprimary), katepisternals 2 + 1;
scutellum with two pairs of subapical setae, one pair of basal and one pair of discal setae.

Legs black. Fore tibia with three anterodorsal and one posteroventral seta. Mid
femur with scarce and short ctenidium. Mid tibia with two or three anterodorsal, one
anteroventral, and three or four posteroventral setae. Hind tibia with a row of hair-
like setae on posteroventral and ventral surface, with two strong anterodorsal setae, 1
anteroventral and one posterodorsal.

Wing. Hyaline. Epaulet black. Basicosta bright yellow. Costal spine absent. Vein
R, bare. Vein R,,, dorsally with short and black setulae at base. Distal part of M curved
at a right angle. Second costal section 1.44 times as long as fourth costal section. Cell
r,,,0pen at wing margin. Haltere brown. Lower calypter yellowish white (Fig. 1B).

A new species of S. (Pandelleisca) from Turkey 135

Abdomen. Black with silvery microtomentum with small checkerboard patterns
changing with the incidence of light. Syntergite +I and tergite III without median
marginals. Tergite [V with a pair of median marginals. Tergite V with a complete row
of marginal setae.

Terminalia. Sternite 5 V-shaped, elongated and slightly indented medially at base;
arms of sternite 5 flattened with a median expansion with a bunch of short and stout
setulae proximally along the inner margin of each arm (Fig. 3C). Syntergosternite 7+8
brownish and subrectangular, without marginal setae. Epandrium brown with irregu-
lar fine and long setulae (Fig. 1E). Base and body of cerci brown and setose, dilated in
the midline posteriorly (Fig. 1C). Cercal prongs dark, bare on ca 2/3 of dorsal surface,
nearly straight with the exception of a median protuberance ventrally, descending to
the middle, slightly curved and terminated with a more or less pointed apex in lateral
view (Fig. 1C, D). Surstyli brown, elongated, rounded distally, and covered with long
black setae (Figs 1C, D; 3D). Gonites dark brown; pregonite long and compressed
with a slight convex curve of the ventral surface and a pointed tip; postgonite short
and robust, hook shaped with two median bristles ventrally (Figs 1E; 2A). Phallus
brown; basiphallus nearly 1/2 length of phallus and with an articulated connection to
paraphallus. Paraphallus and juxtal plate well sclerotized; median part of juxta long and
blade-like, bent in a right angle apico-ventrally. Lateral arms of juxta narrow, bipartite
and nearly 0.50 times as long as distiphallus; basal projection of juxtal arm short and
spur-shaped, distal projection long and sharply upturned at the end with a right angle
and asymmetrically forked at the tip (i.e., at the bend). Lateral styli long and slender,
extended beyond 2/3 the length of the lateral juxtal arms and serrated throughout the
ventral surface (Figs 1F—I; 2A—D; 3A, B). Harpes membranous, small, and subtriangu-
lar in lateral view, not reaching beyond half-way along the lateral styli and only visible
in macerated terminalia (Figs 1F—I; 3A, B). Vesica bilobed. The superior lobe leaf-
like, compressed, greatly enlarged, inferior lobe short and narrow. Each lobe sharply
pointed at the tip (Figs 1F—I; 2A—D; 3A, B).

Female. Unknown

Biology. Unknown

Distribution. Palaearctic — Turkey (Mediterranean region of Anatolia, Mersin).

Etymology. The species epithet is derived from Mersin Province situated in the
Mediterranean region of Turkey, where the type series was collected.

Key to the western Palaearctic species of the male Sarcophaga (Pandelleisca)
(Rohdendorf, 1937)

1 Median part of juxta with a strong tooth on the ventral surface; lateral juxtal
arms not expanding basally and narrow at the tip; each vesical lobes poorly
sclerotized, slender and nearly filamentous in lateral view; sternite 5 roughly
NEES 5 \O) ote Gee ae i eee ae oe ee Se ae Oo S. (P) similis

— Median part of juxta without a strong tooth on the ventral surface; lateral juxtal
arms expanding basally and bi-paired at half-way; vesical lobes more or less scle-
rotized; superior vesical lobes leaf-like in lateral view; sternite 5 V-shaped.......2

136 Gamze Pekbey / ZooKeys 937: 129-138 (2020)

2 Lateral juxtal arms narrow at the tip with an axe-shaped basal expansion; cerci
medium sized, relatively widening at midline, cercal prongs flat and slightly
bending outwards at apex; surstyli narrow and long; epandrium black..........
Ve J.T py EM > RRO yt ANPP ie YAU Fe Np Ne Rar ar a S. (P) baudeti

-- Lateral juxtal arms slightly forked at the tip with a spiky and pointed tip ba-
sal expansion; cerci relatively short, dilated in midline, cercal prongs slightly
curved and terminating with a more or less pointed apex; surstyli more or less

quadrangular, with round corners; epandrium brown ou... eeeseeseeseeeeeeee 3
3 Harpes triangular, narrow, and reaching beyond lateral styli. Lateral styli with
recurving teeth ventrally on the distal 1/3 at most.............0. S. (P) theodori

— Harpes subtriangular, small and never reaching beyond lateral styli. Recurv-
ing teeth extending along the entire ventral surface of lateral styli (Figs 1E G,
Jed) ed 3 ee ae ee On eee > Sree S. (2) mersinensis sp. nov.

Discussion

Thirteen species of Pandelleisca are recorded only from the Oriental region, and the
six Palaearctic species are restricted to the far eastern territories including Palaearctic
China, Russia, North Korea, South Korea, and Japan (Rohdendorf 1937; Verves 1986;
Sugiyama et al. 1990; Pape 1996; Kurahashi and Leh 2007; Kurahashi and Tan 2009).
Sarcophaga (P) similis is widely distributed throughout the Palaearctic and Oriental
regions and is found mostly in mesophytic forest habitats (Povolny and Verves 1997).
The species has also been recorded in Turkey from the coastal provinces such as Aydin
and Mugla in the Aegean part, and Trabzon of the Black Sea area (Kara and Pape 2002;
Verves et al. 2018). The newly described species S. (P) mersinensis was collected from
the Mediterranean coastal region as are the two Israeli species, S. (P) theodori (Lehrer
1998) and S. (P) baudeti (Lehrer, 1998).

Sarcophaga (P) theodori is the species most similar to S. (P) mersinensis sp. nov.
with regard to morphological structures of the phallus. In both species, the distiphallus
expands abruptly apicolaterally in dorsal view and has elongated ventral appendages.
The median process of juxta is broad, flattened, and spur-like in lateral view in both
species, and bends anteroventrally with a wide angle towards the lateral juxtal arms.
These arms are paired, widened basally, and slightly bifurcated at the tip. The superior
vesical lobes are leaf-like, and the inferior ones are relatively thin and spiky. The lateral
styli are broad and tubular in both species.

As stated by some authors, the vast majority of Pandelleisca species have a shiny
black epandrium (Rohdendorf 1937; Verves 1986; Sugiyama et al. 1990; Lehrer 1998;
Peris et al. 1999; Kurahashi and Leh 2007; Lehrer 2008), but in a few species such as
S. (PR) ballardi (Senior-White, 1924), S. (P) brachiata (Sugiyama, 1990), S. (PR) quin-
gueramosa (Sugyiama, 1990), and S. (2) theodori (Lehrer, 1998) the colouration of the
epandrium is brown as in S. (P) mersinensis sp. nov.

The taxonomic limits between Pandelleisca and Liosarcophaga are still unsettled.
Some molecular studies have shown that Liosarcophaga and Pandelleisca are not mono-

A new species of S. (Pandelleisca) from Turkey LF

phyletic in their current circumscriptions, and that the subgenus Pandelleisca as pro-
posed by Pape (1996) is paraphyletic or even polyphyletic (Song et al. 2008; Ming et
al. 2014; Piwczyrski et al. 2014). On the other hand, Piwczynski et al. (2014) pro-
vided evidence, that five species formerly assigned to different genera from the Oriental
and eastern Palaearctic regions are better grouped within the subgenus Pandelleisca.
The phylogenetic placement of S. (P) similis in the study of Piwczynski et al. (2014)
was particularly striking, because it was recovered as the sister taxon of Sarcophaga
(Rosellea) aratrix Pandellé rather than grouping with all other species here considered
under Pandelleisca (Piwczynski et al. 2014). This must, however, be under strong sus-
picion of being an example of one of the many misidentifications that are well-known
within the genus Sarcophaga.

In conclusion, although all Pandelleisca species appear to be recorded from the
coastal geographic regions in Turkey, it is thought that future more comprehensive
faunistic surveys will reveal the true distribution of this subgenus.

Acknowledgements

This study was funded by Yozgat Bozok University Scientific Research Project Unit
(BAP, Project No: 6602c-ZF/19-245).

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